Mr. Trump’s moves caused financial markets to fall, foreign leaders to issue condemnation and officials to warn inflation and slow economic growth.

What are tariffs and who pays them?

Tariff is a government fee for products imported from other countries.

Tariffs are paid by companies that import goods. For example, if Walmart in the evening, a 10 dollar shoe from Vietnam – which faces a 46 -pointed tariff – Walmart will owe $ 4.60 to the US government with tariffs.

What happens next?

• Walmart could try to force the costs on the Vietnamese shoe producer, saying that Walmart would pay less for the product.

• Walmart could reduce his own profit margins and absorb the cost of tariffs.

• Walmart could lift the price of shoes in his stores.

• Or, let the combination of the above.

Economists have found that when Mr Trump put Tariffs on China for his first term, most of that cost was transferred to consumers. But economic studies have revealed that his tariffs on foreign steel are a little different; Only about half of these costs were transferred to customers.

Why does Trump impose tariffs?

The president and his advisers say that their goal is to make tariffs so painful that they force companies to produce their products in the United States. They claim that this will create more American jobs and push up salaries.

But Mr. Trump also described the tariffs as a almighty means, forcing Canada, Mexico and China to break the flow of drugs and migrants in the United States. The President also claims that the tariffs will take advantage of the huge amounts of revenues that the Government can use to pay tax reduction.

Economists say the tariffs cannot achieve all the goals that Mr. Trump has expressed at the same time. In fact, many of his goals are in contrast to each other. The same tariffs that should increase American production also make life painful for American manufacturers, interfering with their supply chains and increasing the cost of their raw materials.

“All of these tariffs are not in line with each other,” said Chad Bown, an older colleague of the Peterson Institute for International Economics, Washington Think Tank. “Well, what’s a real priority? Because you can’t happen all these things at once.”

How were the tariffs calculated?

The White House turned off a complicated formulabut One explanation appears Being direct: a gap between what America exports to the ground and what it imports.

Mr. Trump’s position seems to be any trade deficit – the value of the goods that it now imports from the country, the minus what they are sending now as exports – bad, and the tariffs will be applied until it is eliminated.

He has long described a bilateral trade deficit as examples that America was “torn” or “subsidized” by other countries.

In the tariff budgets of the White House, the countries that the United States send more goods than they buy are considered to have a “unbalanced” trade and will face higher tariffs.

This formula does not represent the fact that some countries are better in making certain products, a concept known as a comparative advantage. And economists say it is pointless to force countries to accurately equate their exports and imports from the United States.

How did the financial markets react?

The announcement on Wednesday launched a global market on stock markets as worries deepened due to a trade war. These worries were mainly confirmed after China avenged Against Mr. Trump’s main tariffs with steep calls on US goods.

S&P 500, a reference American index, on Friday fell 6 percentbringing losses for a week at 9.1 percent. It was the longest weekly decline from the first days of the coronavirus pandemic in March 2020.

The losses were widespread, they hit technological companies, as well as companies that rely on Chinese production in their supply chains. Apple sections have fallen over 13 percent during the week. Stocks in Caterpillar, which makes up construction equipment, have fallen almost 11 percent.

How did the US trade partners answered?

China said he would impose that 34 percent of tariffs On all American products, aligning with the calls Mr Trump has announced this week on Chinese goods. 11 US companies also banned from operating in China, and the customs authorities said they would stop the import of chicken of the five American largest agricultural exporters.

European Union said he was preparing countermeasures with new Trump tariffs, after announcing earlier retaliation of measures that were concentrated On a wide range of goods, including whiskey, motorcycles and women’s clothing. EU officials also consider trade obstacles on services, using New trade weapon This was only developed in 2021 to target Big Tech and Wall Street.

Canada He vowed to defend his workers, companies and economics from new tariffs and Mr. Trump’s threats. Prime Minister Mark Carney recently said it was clear that the United States “no longer a reliable partner. “

In March, after the US steel and aluminum tariffs came into force, the Canadian government announced that they would impose new tariff retaliation at $ 20 billion in the import of USA, above the previously announced 25 percent of tariffs.

Mexico They made a great effort to reject the tariff, sending more than two dozen charged cartel leaders to the United States to face criminal charges and ship the troops to Fentanil Laboratory and the US border.

Britannia tried to grow closer relationships with the USA but They were still tucked into Mr. Trump’s tariffs.

South Korea He convened an emergency working group and vowed to “pour out all government resources to overcome the trade crisis.”

Brazil He said that he was assessing the retribution as well.

Australia He said he would not respond with retaliation tariffs, as Anthony Albanese, Prime Minister, vowed that he would not “join the race to the bottom, leading to greater prices and slower growth.”

Which countries are exempted?

Russia was absent absent From countries, large and small, which were affected by new American tariffs.

The Scott Beesent Secretary said that Moscow was spared because the sanctions were imposed on the ground after his invasion of Ukraine effectively stopped the US-Russian trade.

But trade data paint a more complex image. Last year, Russia still exported goods worth $ 3 billion to the United States, according to US trade data, mostly fertilizers and platinum.

North Korea, Cuba and Belarus, which are also subject to severe sanctions, were also excluded from new levies.

What happens next?

Jerome H. Powell, Chairman of Federal Reserve, warned on Friday that Tarife President Trump Hitting inflation and slowing down growth.

Many analysts have quickly reduced their forecasts for economic growth, saying that tariffs will encourage prices for consumers and costs for companies, slowing down demand and economic activity.

Nancy Lazar, the main global economist in Piper Sandler, estimated that the US economy could arrange 1 percent in the second quarter. She had previously expected a flat quarter. “It’s an immediate shot in the economy,” she said.

Economists on Fitch Ratings said on Thursday that the tariffs significantly increased the risk of recession in the United States. It said the tariffs would result in higher consumers’ prices that would squeeze out actual salaries and weigh the consumer consumption.

How can tariffs affect consumer prices?

Mr. Trump’s tariffs are targeting countries that provide a wide variety of goods to the United States. For American families, A very likely result is higher prices In stores, car stores, electronics and clothing sellers.

Avocado, tomatoes and strawberries imported from Mexico are some of the first places where customers could notice the rise of prices.

It could take longer to make prices grow up for permanent goods, such as a car, due to an existing stock, or if companies expect the tariffs to be temporary.

Yale budget laboratory has evaluated this New Auto Tariff Mr. Trumpwhich entered into force on Thursday, on average, it would increase the price of a vehicle 13.5 percent, which is an equivalent to an additional $ 6,400 for the price of the average new car 2024. Total American households would pay more than $ 500 to $ 600On average, as a result of the tariff, the group estimated.

Mr. Trump claimed that the price increase would be minimal compared to other economic benefits and repeated that mood. Over the weekend, NBC News correspondent Kristen Welker asked the president if she was worried that the tariffs could make cars more expensive. Mr. Trump replied that “he couldn’t worry less.”

“If foreign car prices are increased, they will buy American cars,” he said about consumers.

What does it mean to be American made?

Almost half of all vehicles sold in the United States are imported, as well as almost 60 percent of parts used in vehicles gathered in the United States.

Since the North American Free Trade Zone in 1994, American and foreign car manufacturers have built Lance supply that crosses the boundaries United States, Canada and Mexico.

For example, Chevrolet Blazer 2024, a popular sports utility vehicle made by General Motors, is assembled at the Mexico factory using engines and transmissions produced in the United States.

What is the history of the tariff in the US?

1789: In his establishment, The United States relied greatly on tariffs Fund the federal government and protect local manufacturers, proposed by Alexander Hamilton, the first finance minister.

1828: The Federal Government adopted Tariffs on average 38 percent to protect the country’s production sector from foreign competitors. They are marked “”Tariff of nasty“The southern state, whose economy relied on the export of raw materials and imports of goods produced, which led to the constitutional deviation.

1930: AND Smoot-Hawley tariff In 1930, it was brought after the fall of the shares in 1929, in an attempt to protect US companies. Instead of, As described in “Dan Ferris Bueller”, The tariffs “failed, and the United States sank deeper into great depression.”

1934: Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Law on Mutual Trade Agreementswhich gave the President the authority to negotiate bilateral trade agreements. This set the stage for more than 90 years of liberal policy of free trade.

Reporting contributed Mark Landler,, Eshe Nelson,, Alexandra Stevenson,, Andrew Duehren,, June Kim,, Karl Russell,, Colby Smith,, Ian Austen,, Vjosa Isa,, Annie Correal,, Keith Bradsher and Rappert in the field.